Posts Tagged ‘psychology’

Psychological Analysis of Women Chasing Men

Wednesday, January 27th, 2010

I’ve been thinking about another interpretation of the beauty vs message graph for women messaging men that I posted last week:
Weibull distributions for attractiveness and messages

The message curve looks like it’s been shifted to the right a constant amount. Because it’s so constant, it can’t be explained as women valuing personality/wealth over beauty. (OkTrends might be controlling for that somehow? They don’t really discuss their methodology.)

There’s a theory that women’s conscious and non-conscious desire is poorly linked. I’m thinking of research where women watch porn while their physical arousal is monitored and they report their psychological arousal. Women get physically aroused by mysoginistic porn. A recent result with animal porn led to the theory that women get physically aroused by the possibility of near-future sex whether it’s voluntary or not (ie: “you’re gonna get raped!”).

An alternate explanation is that women’s non-conscious mind likes to watch animal porn but culture has repressed that. Men are simpler creatures that have a direct connection between physical and psychological arousal. Or men don’t even have psychological arousal except caused when they observe their physical state.

This theory could explain the OkCupid graph by saying that women consciously claim all men are ugly but their non-conscious mind would still hit that.

The funny thing is that for the few men who are admittedly attractive, the messaging rate still drops. My theory is that attractive men can more easily cheat on a partner, so they’re best avoided in planned situations like online dating. This predicts that women would prefer more attractive men in unplanned situations like one-night stands.

Men are Normal, Women are in Hell

Thursday, January 21st, 2010

In my culture, it is quite common to rate people on a 10-point scale of physical attractiveness. I think a lot of people don’t think very much about this scale when they’re using it. For example, it’s from 1 to 10 inclusive, so 5.5 is the middle of the scale.

I often suspect that people are using it as a uniform (flat) distribution. The subjects seem to be “9s” and “10s” more often than I would expect from a normal distribution with reasonable variance. And not surprisingly, the most common subjects below the middle are notably unattractive. I treat it as a normal distribution: chances are you’re a 5 or a 6.

OkCupid is an online dating site that I love for its four-factor Dating Persona Test. The site was built by four Harvard math grads. Kyla told me that they’ve started crunching numbers on users activity and publishing the results. (Statistical analysis is more legitimate than speed dating research, because they don’t pretend they’re in a laboratory where they can control all the variables.)

One of their best results is how men users rate the attractiveness of womens’ profile pictures and messages from men to women:
attractiveness normal distribution and message reverse Weibull distribution

Men rate women on a normal distribution and disproportionately hit on attractive women. The old story about all the guys ignoring the most attractive woman because they assume she’s out of their league is confirmed.

Women, on the other hand, think all men are ugly:
Weibull distributions for attractiveness and messages

But women will message ugly guys, as long as they’re not too ugly.

Buying Good Food Makes You a Bad Person

Wednesday, December 16th, 2009

When I argue that local/organic food is inethical, I am arguing against the status quo. Most people say that consuming these foods is an ethical act and that people who consume them are more good than people who do not.

According to psychologists, humans have a moral credential system. When you do something good, it changes the way you think so that you’re less likely to do good in the future. There are two possible explanations:

  • you gain a bias in evaluating your own behaviour (“I do good things. I did x. Therefore x is good.”)
  • you have a mental moral account: if the account has a surplus, you’re going to make withdrawals

A study at UofT found that people who were forced to purchase green products then went on to share less, lie more and steal more than those forced to purchase non-green products. (Here’s the short paper, but you’re better off reading the Slate commentary.)

If you believe that buying local/organic food is good and you incorporate buying such food into your identity (and I believe it’s impossible not to), then you’re going to put less effort into doing other good works. By analogy, watch a grocery store parking lot as people load reusable bags into SUVs. Local/organic food is a positional good, so people fixate on consuming it to make themselves cool while ignoring all the less glamorous good things they could be doing.

Profiling George Sodini

Monday, October 5th, 2009

I’m interested in the case of George Sodini: the lonely 48-year-old who shot up an LA fitness club. His blog posts, while not exactly sane, are easier to relate to than the misogynist psychotic rage mass murderers usually leave behind. Most analysis has focused on his relationship with women or his family, but as Alex noted, it seems like his problems had as much to do with friendship, aging, work, etc.

I came across this blog written by someone who is well-read in psychology. Apparently one of the themes is diagnose behaviour that is antisocial but not sociological nor psychopathic as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (or at least narcissistic personality spectrum). The author did a detailed reading of Sodini’s blog that got a number of interesting comments including this existential analysis [layout edited]:

“I guess some of us were simply meant to walk a lonely path…Some were simply meant to walk a lonely path in life.”

Intellectually he seems to understand a simple truth in life. But emotionally he couldn’t accept it and so this giant fountain of a blog before the final act. How many people live analogous lives but learn the acceptance because the alternative is … what? Annihilation?

The blog goes on to offer a psychological profile of Sodini, arguing that Sodini was not mysoginistic and women were not really his focus. Interesting comments, mixed with some trolling, continue, including this Nietzschean analysis:

[His] problem is a lack of functioning power process. I refer to the noted philosopher Theodore Kaczynski on this one. Essentially, [he felt] like no matter what efforts [he] put in, [he couldn't] achieve success with women. A lack of self-efficacy, and trust me this is both well identified and perhaps over-appelated. Rewards are not commensurate with action, so while you can’t condone pulling into a fitness center and shooting up the place, you can certainly understand it. Because these women symbolize some failure to act on the world, they are targets for dislike and hate. OK, fair– but you have to decide whether to act on those feelings or try to remove their source.

And the final word goes to this simple observation: “He killed people that didn’t notice his suffering.”

Better than Okay

Thursday, September 24th, 2009

Positive Organizational Scholarship is the (unfortunately-named) use of the positive psychology frame in organizational psychology and management studies. The gist of these positive scholarships is that modernist disciplines concentrate on the difference between bad and normal and ignore the difference between normal and good.

I’ve managed to align my homework with my personal interests by writing a paper on organizational virtousness. The foundational paper of the concept contains an awesome table (that I’ve modified a bit): traditional scholarship studies the left and middle columns, positive scholarship studies the right column.

Negative deviance Normalcy Positive deviance
Individual:
Physiological ill healthy fit
Psychological insane sane happy
Organizational:
Effectiveness ineffective effective excellent
Efficiency inefficient efficient extraordinary
Quality error-prone reliable flawless
Revenues losses profits charitable
Ethics unethical ethical benevolent
Environmentalism destructive sustainable *
Social responsibility exploitative fair fostering
Morals evil moral good

* Is there a word for better-than-sustainable? When I asked Sara she said we don’t need a word for something imaginary. :-o

Status Update on My Values Project

Wednesday, September 23rd, 2009

A while ago I polled my family and friends to get a list of values that they think I hold. The list my method produced was obviously not orthagonal: some values, such as order and neatness, were obviously close to synonyms. I experimented a bit with using Google hits to calculate orthagonality (eg: hits for “order” + hits for “neatness” / hits for “order AND neatness”) but got some nonsense results.

The five personality factors were extracted from adjectives of language using factor analysis: a statistical method for finding orthagonal factors. I looked into using that analysis of language on my values. The first issue is that the factor analysis is not trivial: most adjectives are loaded on more than one factor, suggesting that a model called “the Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex” (AB5C) is more appropriate. I am nowhere close to understanding it, but I think the model basically says that five-dimensional personality space is not Euclidean but Elliptic.

Applying personality results to values also raises the question: what’s the difference between values and traits? It turns out there is some research that finds very definite links. I haven’t had time to read this research yet, but I’m guessing that traits drive non-conscious behaviour and values drive conscious behaviour – the gap between them is cognitive dissonance.

Related to both values and traits are the 24 character strengths that are one of the foundations of positive psychology. The strengths were generated from factor analysis of the values of many cultures and are experimentally supported. They get organized into six virtues that I’ve heard do not hold up under factor analysis, although I haven’t gotten around to reading the studies (so think of them as mnemonics).

Playing to your strengths is one of the best ways to be happy. So focusing on your strengths is probably more useful than traits or values. I have a bunch more research to do (and maybe some movies to watch) before I figure out where to go from here…

Homework: Learning Style

Wednesday, September 16th, 2009

I was given the assignment to do the Learning Style Inventory based on Kolb’s Experiential Learning model. I scored in the 99th percentile* for abstract conceptualization! I might be pretty abstract and pretty conceptual, but I don’t buy that I am such a beautiful and unique snowflake.

I believe this is a subject-expectancy effect: I expect to my learning style to be abstract-conceptual so I choose answers to confirm my expectation. It’s a pre-test effect because the reason I expect that is other personality and learning tests I’ve taken in the past.

This makes me wonder about the validity of this test (and similar self-reports), but at least we weren’t using the neuro-linguistic programming model that highschool teachers seem to think is scientific: visual, auditory, kinesthetic and the other one.

* An unpublished draft of this post said “100th percentile”, which is impossible because I am in the sample. :)

The Game Claims Another Name

Saturday, August 29th, 2009

DJ AM died tonight just before they lowered Ted Kennedy into Arlington.

It looks like a drug overdose. I’ve read that the unfortunate truth behind most overdoses is suicide. Regular drug users know how much to take but when pain gets involved people seem to just keep going.

AM was suffering survivor guilt and PTSD from his plane crash late last year. For those of you who dug Celebrity Rehab he performed with Shifty Binzer’s band Crazy Town. You might remember one of his big “drugs are fun” tracks with Oakenfold:

Most people are going to remember AM from Entourage in the episode where Turtle is hunting Fukijama kicks. He of the “I AM AM” license plate.

Anyway, serious reality: Depression and stress kill. Take it away AM:

The Five Factor Model > Myers-Briggs

Thursday, August 27th, 2009

Myers-Briggs is basically some stuff Jung made up off the top of his head. Since it was invented, research has found it to be kind-of scientific. It’s not concise: the factors are correlated (eg: Intraversion and Thinking) so it could be that a different set of factors would describe a person in less variables. It’s not complete: emotional stability is intentionally left out of Myers-Briggs so nobody’s feelings get hurt.

So to develop a new trait model, psychologists took all the words that are used to describe peoples’ personalities and checked which ones were correlated: they fall into five piles (all the armchair theorists in history were wrong). The Five Factor Model is concise, complete and precise: different ways of measuring yield the same result. The problem is that it’s always presented with a normative interpretation: you are a better person if you score higher on each factor (even though high scores are correlated with some negative things). A Five Factor terminology called “SLOAN” gives more neutral names, I’ve adapted them here:

Numbering Psychology term Low score term High score term Organizational behaviour term
I Extraversion Private Outgoing Social
II Agreeableness Critical Agreeable Tact
III Conscientiousness Easygoing Industrious Work
IV Neuroticism Calm Emotive Stress
V * Practical Inquisitive Interest

* Researchers are divided on what factor V actually represents: “openness”, “intellect”, “imagination” and “culture” are some terms. In general, the terms hide the nuance in each factor, so don’t confuse the popular meaning of the term with its operational definition.

To my knowledge, no one has come up with cutesy names for the 32 poles in five-factor space. This apparently-first-year psychology paper provides a good overview of extensions and criticisms of the model.

Happiness = Pleasure + Engagement + Meaning

Wednesday, August 26th, 2009

Martin Seligman is usually considered the founder of positive psychology. In 2004 he gave an introductory talk at TED, where he says positive psychology studies three things:

  • pleasure
  • engagement
  • meaning

Seligman basically says nothing about meaning (but Wikipedia’s Meaning of life is an excellent overview). Engagement is effectively synonymous with flow/wu wei. Pleasure is 50% heritable (which explains why winning the lottery doesn’t make you much happier in the long run) but the other 50% can be changed.

Seligman has both academic and commercial sites with a bunch of questionnaires. The only intervention he talks about for engagement is to restructure unengaging tasks to focus on “character strengths” (although there are others). To increase pleasure there are at least two effective engagements:

  • gratitude training (eg: a “good times” journal, writing letters of gratitude)
  • mindfulness

Mindfulness is supposedly based on Buddhist meditation, but I think there’s some confusion. As I see it, Buddhist meditation includes two kinds of mindfulness:

  • awareness of the present moment external to the self
  • meta-consciousness: observing the structure of the self (the “monkey mind”) to transcend the present

The purpose of awareness training in psychology is to increase the pleasure gained and retained from pleasant experiences. When the sense of self is removed to savor an experience, you increase pleasure. When the sense of self is removed in carrying out a task, you increasing engagement. There is a correlation between these but I don’t think positive psychology understands the causal relationship yet.